History of Ablative Procedures

Dr. Solbiati was a radiologist at the General Hospital of Busto Arsizio when he developed an interest in cancer in the 1980s. He traveled to the UK to learn about CT and ultrasound imaging. Upon his return to Italy, he combined this knowledge with his hospital’s department of pathology to obtain the first liver and abdominal ultrasound-guided biopsies for non-palpable lesions. Dr. Solbiati notes that in most of the world, ultrasound is personally performed by medical doctors, and it is an important skill to have.

Next, we discover how Dr. Solbiati came to treat the first parathyroid adenoma using percutaneous ethanol injection. After Dr. Solbiati had performed a parathyroid tumor biopsy, the treatment team realized that her serum PTH levels had completely normalized due to compression of the overactive parenchyma. Inspired by this result, Dr. Solbiati researched past literature and saw the success of ethanol injection to cause sclerosis of liver and renal cysts. Since the patient was not a surgical candidate, she was willing to undergo ethanol injection, which was eventually successful. Dr. Solbiati explains that parathyroid tumors are hypervasculated and encapsulated, so they are able to contain ethanol and prevent diffusion. Additionally, the use of ultrasound made it possible for operators to visualize the amount of liquid ethanol entering a solid tumor.

Overtime, Dr. Solbiati began to work with Dr. Tito Livraghi to inject ethanol and chemotherapeutics for hepatocellular carcinoma lesions. The outcomes from their initial studies are still used as benchmarks for locoregional therapies today. Their research gained publicity from scientific and non-scientific media, which came with both positive and negative reactions. Dr. Solbiati emphasizes the importance of collaboration with surgeons and other interventionalists to combine surgical, intravascular, and percutaneous therapies. Additionally, he also played a key role in the testing of cool-tip radiofrequency ablation.

Dr. Solbiati highlights the significance of percutaneous ablation in advancing health equity. Ethanol and radiofrequency ablation are relatively cost-efficient and safe, which allows for higher quality of cancer treatment in resource-limited settings. He looks toward the future of interventional oncology as the “fourth pillar” of cancer care (in addition to medical, surgical, and radiation oncological treatments), the growing use of augmented reality for percutaneous procedures, and the increasing rate of combination therapy with immunologic agents.